Database Principles Constructed by Hanh Pham based on slides

Database Principles Constructed by Hanh Pham based on slides from: “Database Processing, Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation”, D. Kroenke, D. Auer, Prentice Hall “Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management”, C. Coronel, S. Morris, P.Rob Database Administration & Security 12-1

Outlines database plays a critical role in an organization DBMS has important technological, managerial, and cultural consequences for an organization database administrator’s managerial and technical roles data security, database security, and the information security framework database administration tools and strategies Oracle examples 12-2

Data as a Corporate Asset Data: – Valuable asset that requires careful management – Valuable resource that translates into information Accurate, timely information triggers actions that enhance company’s position and generate wealth 12-3

Data as a Corporate Asset (cont’d.) Dirty data – Data that suffer from inaccuracies and inconsistencies – Threat to organizations 12-4

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Data as a Corporate Asset (cont’d.) Data quality – Comprehensive approach to ensuring the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of the data Data profiling software – Consists of programs that gather statistics and analyze existing data sources Master data management (MDM) software – Helps prevent dirty data by coordinating common data across multiple systems. 12-6

The Need for and Role of Databases in an Organization Database’s predominant role is to support managerial decision making at all levels DBMS facilitates: – – – – Interpretation and presentation of data Distribution of data and information Preservation and monitoring of data Control over data duplication and use Three levels to organization management: – Top, middle, operational 12-7

Introduction of a Database: Special Considerations Introduction of a DBMS is likely to have a profound impact – Might be positive or negative, depending on how it is administered Three aspects to DBMS introduction: – Technological – Managerial – Cultural One role of DBA department is to educate end users about system uses and benefits 12-8

The Evolution of the Database Administration Function Data administration has its roots in the old, decentralized world of the file system Advent of DBMS produced new level of data management sophistication – DP department evolved into information systems (IS) department Data management became increasingly complex – Development of database administrator (DBA) function 12-9

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The Database Environment’s Human Component Even most carefully crafted database system cannot operate without human component Effective data administration requires both technical and managerial skills DA must set data administration goals DBA is focal point for data/user interaction Need for diverse mix of skills 12-12

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The DBA’s Managerial Role DBA responsible for: – Coordinating, monitoring, allocating resources Resources include people and data – Defining goals and formulating strategic plans Interacts with end user by providing data and information Enforces policies, standards, procedures 12-14

The DBA’s Managerial Role (cont’d.) Manages security, privacy, integrity Ensures data can be fully recovered – In large organizations, database security officer (DSO) responsible for disaster management Ensures data is distributed appropriately – Makes it easy for authorized end users to access the database 12-15

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The DBA’s Technical Role Evaluates, selects, and installs DBMS and related utilities Designs and implements databases and applications Tests and evaluates databases and applications 12-17

The DBA’s Technical Role (cont’d.) Operates DBMS, utilities, and applications Trains and supports users Maintains DBMS, utilities, and applications 12-18

The DBA’s Role in the Cloud Cloud services provide: – DBMS installation and updates – Server/network management – Backup and recovery operations DBA’s managerial role is largely unchanged 12-19

Security Securing data entails securing overall information system architecture Confidentiality: data protected against unauthorized access Integrity: keep data consistent and free of errors or anomalies Availability: accessibility of data by authorized users for authorized purposes 12-20

Security Policies Database security officer secures the system and the data – Works with the database administrator Security policy: collection of standards, policies, procedures to guarantee security – Ensures auditing and compliance Security audit process identifies security vulnerabilities – Identifies measures to protect the system 12-21

Security Vulnerabilities Security vulnerability: weakness in a system component – Could allow unauthorized access or cause service disruptions Security threat: imminent security violation – Could occur at any time Security breach yields a database whose integrity is either: – Preserved – Corrupted 12-22

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Database Security Refers to the use of DBMS features and other measures to comply with security requirements DBA secures DBMS from installation through operation and maintenance Authorization management – – – – User access management View definition DBMS access control DBMS usage monitoring 12-25

Database Administration Tools Data dictionary CASE tools 12-26

The Data Dictionary Two main types of data dictionaries: – Integrated – Standalone Active data dictionary is automatically updated by the DBMS with every database access Passive data dictionary requires running a batch process Main function: store description of all objects that interact with database 12-27

The Data Dictionary (cont’d.) Data dictionary that includes data external to DBMS becomes flexible tool – Enables use and allocation of all of an organization’s information Metadata is often the basis for monitoring database use – Also for assigning access rights to users DBA uses data dictionary to support data analysis and design 12-28

CASE Tools Computer-aided systems engineering – Automated framework for SDLC – Structured methodologies and powerful graphical interfaces Front-end CASE tools provide support for planning, analysis, and design phases Back-end CASE tools provide support for coding and implementation phases 12-29

CASE Tools (cont’d.) Typical CASE tool has five components – – – – – Graphics for diagrams Screen painters and report generators Integrated repository Analysis segment Program documentation generator 12-30

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Developing a Data Administration Strategy Information engineering (IE) translates strategic goals into data and applications Information systems architecture (ISA) is the output of IE process Implementing IE is a costly process – Provides a framework that includes use of computerized, automated, and integrated tools Success of information systems strategy depends on critical success factors – Managerial, technological, and corporate culture 12-32

The DBA at Work: Using Oracle for Database Administration Technical tasks handled by the DBA in a specific DBMS: – – – – Creating and expanding database storage structures Managing database objects Managing end-user database environment Customizing database initialization parameters All DBMS vendors provide programs to perform database administrative tasks 12-33

Oracle Database Administration Tools 12-34

The Default Login Must connect to the database to perform administrative tasks – Username with administrative privileges Oracle automatically creates SYSTEM and SYS user IDs with administrative privileges Define preferred credentials by clicking on Preferences link, then Preferred Credentials Username and passwords are database-specific 12-35

Ensuring that the RDBMS Starts Automatically DBA ensures database access is automatically started when computer turned on A service is a Windows system name for a special program that runs automatically – Part of the operating system Database instance: separate location in memory reserved to run the database – May have several databases running in memory at the same time 12-36

Creating Tablespaces and Datafiles Database composed of one or more tablespaces Tablespace is a logical storage space – Physically stored in one or more datafiles Datafile physically stores the database’s data – Each datafile can reside in a different directory on the hard disk Database has 1:M relationship with tablespaces Tablespace has 1:M relationship with datafiles 12-37

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Managing the Database Objects: Tables, Views, Triggers, and Procedures Database object: any object created by end users Schema: logical section of the database that belongs to a given user – Schema identified by a username – Within the schema, users create their own tables and other objects Normally, users are authorized to access only the objects that belong to their own schemas 12-40

Managing Users and Establishing Security User: uniquely identifiable object – Allows a given person to log on to the database Role: a named collection of database access privileges – Authorizes a user to connect to the database and use system resources Profile: named collection of settings – Controls how much of a resource a given user can use 12-41

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Customizing the Database Initialization Parameters Fine-tuning requires modification of database configuration parameters – Some are changed in real time using SQL – Some affect database instance – Others affect entire RDBMS and all instances Initialization parameters reserve resources used by the database at run time After modifying parameters, may need to restart the database 12-43

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Summary Data management is a critical activity for any organization – Data should be treated as a corporate asset DBMS is the most commonly used electronic tool for corporate data management DBMS has impact on organization’s managerial, technological, and cultural framework Data administration function evolved from centralized electronic data processing 12-45

Summary (cont’d.) Database administrator (DBA) is responsible for managing corporate database Broader data management activity is handled by data administrator (DA) DA is more managerially oriented than more technically oriented DBA – DA function is DBMS-independent – DBA function is more DBMS-dependent When there is no DA, DBA executes all DA functions 12-46

Summary (cont’d.) Managerial services of DBA function: – Supporting end-user community – Defining and enforcing policies, procedures, and standards for database function – Ensuring data security, privacy, and integrity – Providing data backup and recovery services – Monitoring distribution and use of data in database 12-47

Summary (cont’d.) Technical role of DBA: – – – – – – Evaluating, selecting, and installing DBMS Designing and implementing databases and applications Testing and evaluating databases and applications Operating DBMS, utilities, and applications Training and supporting users Maintaining DBMS, utilities, and applications 12-48

Summary (cont’d.) Security: ensures confidentiality, integrity, availability of information system and data Security policy: collection of standards, policies, and practices Security vulnerability: weakness in system component Information engineering guides development of data administration strategy CASE tools and data dictionaries translate strategic plans to operational plans 12-49