The Cardiovascular System: Structure Function and Measurement

The Cardiovascular System: Structure Function and Measurement Chapter 9

Organs of the Cardiovascular System Heart Blood vessels – Arteries Arterioles Capillaries – Veins Venules

The Heart Muscular organ the size of a fist Four chambers – L/R Ventricles L/R Atria Endocardium- lines the heart chambers Myocardium- muscle layer Pericardium- membranous outer covering

Atria Right Atrium (RA)right upper chamberreceives blood from body- deoxygenated blood Left atrium (LA)- left upper heart.- receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it to the left ventricle

Ventricles Right ventricle- (RV)right lower chamberreceives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs through pulmonary artery Left Ventricle (LV)- lower left chamber- receives blood from left atrium and sends it through the aorta to the body.

Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries, carrying blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs. Pulmonary Artery carries blood to lungs Aorta pulmonary artery Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

Tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and ventricle Mitral valve controls blood movement between the left atrium and ventricle Mitral Valve Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle

Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve controls blood movement from right ventricle into pulmonary artery The aortic valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta Mitral Valve Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic valve

Arteries Arteries- tubes that carry blood away from the heart. Muscular elastic walls Form arterioles which form capillaries Carry blood and oxygen to the body cells

Coronary Arteries Supply blood to the heart muscle. The heart needs a large amount of blood and 5-7% of blood flows through the coronary arteries.

Veins Veins- tubes that carry blood toward the heart Thinner muscular walls Carry blood back to heart Cuplike valves to help move blood

Capillaries Capillaries- tubes that connect arteries and veins Walls only one cell thick Site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen from blood cells and carbon dioxide and wastes to the blood

Blood The body contains 4 to 6 quarts Contains Plasma: antibodies, nutrients, gases, waste products Produced in bone marrow White and red blood cells

Measuring Cardiac Function Blood Pressure Electrocardiogram Stress Test Angiography

Blood Pressure Measure of fluid pressure within system Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated by contraction Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved between contractions. SBP reflects the amount of work the heart is performing DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance encountered Arterial pressure increases with age, DBP more than SBP With aging, major blood vessels increase in rigidity

Electrocardiogram Measure of the electrical activity of the heart

Stress Test ECG during exercise

Angiography Cardiac catheterization Inject dye into heart X-ray to examine blockages